Path planning research for mobile robots in dynamic environments

At present, due to the COVID-19, China's social and economic development has slowed down. Some life service e-commerce platforms have successively launched "contactless delivery" services, which can effectively curb the spread of the epidemic. Robot distribution is the current mainstream, but robots are different from people and need to have accurate program settings. Both path planning and obstacle avoidance are currently top issues. This requires the mobile robot to successfully arrive at the destination while minimizing the impact on the surrounding environment and pedestrians, and avoiding encroachment on the movement space of pedestrians. Therefore, the mobile robot needs to be able to actively avoid moving pedestrians in a dynamic environment, in addition to avoiding static obstacles, and safely and efficiently integrate into the pedestrian movement environment. In this paper, the path planning problem of unmanned delivery robot is studied, and the path of mobile robot in the crowd is determined by global planning and local planning, and the matlab simulation is used for verification. © The Authors. Published under a Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY 3.0 License.

Predicting the climate impact of aviation for en-route emissions: the algorithmic climate change function submodel ACCF 1.0 of EMAC 2.53

Using climate-optimized flight trajectories is one essential measure to reduce aviation's climate impact. Detailed knowledge of temporal and spatial climate sensitivity for aviation emissions in the atmosphere is required to realize such a climate mitigation measure. The algorithmic Climate Change Functions (aCCFs) represent the basis for such purposes. This paper presents the first version of the Algorithmic Climate Change Function submodel (ACCF 1.0) within the European Centre HAMburg general circulation model (ECHAM) and Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model framework. In the ACCF 1.0, we implement a set of aCCFs (version 1.0) to estimate the average temperature response over 20 years (ATR20) resulting from aviation CO2 emissions and non-CO2 impacts, such as NOx emissions (via ozone production and methane destruction), water vapour emissions, and contrail cirrus. While the aCCF concept has been introduced in previous research, here, we publish a consistent set of aCCF formulas in terms of fuel scenario, metric, and efficacy for the first time. In particular, this paper elaborates on contrail aCCF development, which has not been published before. ACCF 1.0 uses the simulated atmospheric conditions at the emission location as input to calculate the ATR20 per unit of fuel burned, per NOx emitted, or per flown kilometre.In this research, we perform quality checks of the ACCF 1.0 outputs in two aspects. Firstly, we compare climatological values calculated by ACCF 1.0 to previous studies. The comparison confirms that in the Northern Hemisphere between 150–300 hPa altitude (flight corridor), the vertical and latitudinal structure of NOx-induced ozone and H2O effects are well represented by the ACCF model output. The NOx-induced methane effects increase towards lower altitudes and higher latitudes, which behaves differently from the existing literature. For contrail cirrus, the climatological pattern of the ACCF model output corresponds with the literature, except that contrail-cirrus aCCF generates values at low altitudes near polar regions, which is caused by the conditions set up for contrail formation. Secondly, we evaluate the reduction of NOx-induced ozone effects through trajectory optimization, employing the tagging chemistry approach (contribution approach to tag species according to their emission categories and to inherit these tags to other species during the subsequent chemical reactions). The simulation results show that climate-optimized trajectories reduce the radiative forcing contribution from aviation NOx-induced ozone compared to cost-optimized trajectories. Finally, we couple the ACCF 1.0 to the air traffic simulation submodel AirTraf version 2.0 and demonstrate the variability of the flight trajectories when the efficacy of individual effects is considered. Based on the 1 d simulation results of a subset of European flights, the total ATR20 of the climate-optimized flights is significantly lower (roughly 50 % less) than that of the cost-optimized flights, with the most considerable contribution from contrail cirrus. The CO2 contribution observed in this study is low compared with the non-CO2 effects, which requires further diagnosis.

The effect of the emergency shift to virtual instruction on student team dynamics

In spite of the sudden onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many instructors who used team-based pedagogies shifted them online rather than suspending them entirely, but with limited time and resources. To examine the difference in team dynamics and outcomes for courses in Spring 2019 and Spring 2020 of over 1500 first-year engineering students per semester, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and random forests method were used. Results show that students reported less improvement in team-member effectiveness, lower psychological safety, and less satisfaction in the semester with the emergency transition. However, students also reported lower conflict. The most important factor predicting project grades shifted from 'Interacting with teammates' to 'Having relevant knowledge, skills, and abilities' amid the emergency shift, accompanied by a reduction in team interdependence. In spite of the collection of data during an emergency transition, the foundation of face-to-face interaction before moving to virtual cooperation represents a useful contribution to research that has focused exclusively on virtual learning circumstances.

Control System for Indoor Safety Measures Using a Faster R-CNN Architecture

This paper presents a control system for indoor safety measures using a Faster R-CNN (Region-based Convolutional Neural Network) architecture. The proposed system aims to ensure the safety of occupants in indoor environments by detecting and recognizing potential safety hazards in real time, such as capacity control, social distancing, or mask use. Using deep learning techniques, the system detects these situations to be controlled, notifying the person in charge of the company if any of these are violated. The proposed system was tested in a real teaching environment at Rey Juan Carlos University, using Raspberry Pi 4 as a hardware platform together with an Intel Neural Stick board and a pair of PiCamera RGB (Red Green Blue) cameras to capture images of the environment and a Faster R-CNN architecture to detect and classify objects within the images. To evaluate the performance of the system, a dataset of indoor images was collected and annotated for object detection and classification. The system was trained using this dataset, and its performance was evaluated based on precision, recall, and F1 score. The results show that the proposed system achieved a high level of accuracy in detecting and classifying potential safety hazards in indoor environments. The proposed system includes an efficiently implemented software infrastructure to be launched on a low-cost hardware platform, which is affordable for any company, regardless of size or revenue, and it has the potential to be integrated into existing safety systems in indoor environments such as hospitals, warehouses, and factories, to provide real-time monitoring and alerts for safety hazards. Future work will focus on enhancing the system's robustness and scalability to larger indoor environments with more complex safety hazards.

A quantitative study on how covid-19 has impacted the relationship between employees and the hybrid employment model in the information technology field

The purpose of this case study was to provide a better understanding on how COVID-19 has impacted the relationship between employees and the hybrid employment model in the Information Technology (IT) field. A review of the literature regarding the general background of a hybrid employment model and the relationship it has with employees in the IT field and related technologies is provided. Hypotheses were tested using a research model. Data was collected through a survey that was conducted on individuals that worked in the IT field. A total of 102 participants completed the survey. The findings indicated that before COVID-19, individuals of an older age who worked in the Information Technology industry perceived that working remotely is not a better place for them to be productive while in a post COVID-19 society, individuals of an older age who worked from home did not perceive a negative impact on their career due to a lack of face-to-face interaction with colleagues and managers. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.

Impact of COVID-19 on rural and nonrural recovery housing in the United States

This study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on recovery housing (RH), an important resource for individuals in recovery from substance use disorder (SUD). A cross-sectional survey was disseminated electronically between June and July of 2020 to RH owners and operators affiliated with Oxford House or the National Alliance of Recovery Residences nationwide. The survey intended to develop an understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on RH in terms of (a) resident housing access, (b) mitigation strategies to reduce COVID-19 spread, (c) RH financials, and (d) health and well-being of residents and staff. Impacts were assessed among all houses in the sample and then by rurality of RH location (rural vs. nonrural). Among 1,419 respondents, only 4.6% reported positive COVID-19 cases, and 85% reported having implemented centers for disease control-recommended policies. More than half (59%) reported financial impacts, and close to half (49%) reported COVID-19 had "a lot of impact" on residents attending meetings. Rural RH represented only 9% of respondents and a greater fraction of rural RH respondents reported spending more on all COVID-19 expense categories compared to nonrural RH respondents. Compared to nonrural RH, rural RH were significantly more likely to report having a process for evaluating COVID-19 (p = .007), wearing masks (p = .047), taking temperatures (p = .042), and spending more on food due to COVID-19 (p = .015). With SUD rates and the associated morbidity and mortality from SUD continuing to rise, addressing the financial viability of RH, an important resource supporting individuals in recovery is crucial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement This study suggests that recovery housing, an important resource for individuals seeking or in recovery from a substance use disorder (SUD), is proactive in ensuring resident safety during national emergencies such as COVID-19. The most prominent impacts found in this study were financial (for the recovery home) and residents' ability to attend mutual aid recovery support meetings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Path Planning of Follow-up Transport Robot Based on Machine Vision

With the upgrading and innovation of the logistics industry, the requirements for the level of transportation smart technologies continue to increase. The outbreak of the COVID-19 has further promoted the development of unmanned transportation machines. Aimed at the requirements of intelligent following and automatic obstacle avoidance of mobile robots in dynamic and complex environments, this paper uses machine vision to realize the visual perception function, and studies the real-time path planning of robots in complicated environment. And this paper proposes the Dijkstra-ant colony optimization (ACO) fusion algorithm, the environment model is established by the link viewable method, the Dijkstra algorithm plans the initial path. The introduction of immune operators improves the ant colony algorithm to optimize the initial path. Finally, the simulation experiment proves that the fusion algorithm has good reliability in a dynamic environment. © 2022 IEEE.

International Students' Perceptions towards Their Learning Experience in an International Network Seminar in Japan: During and Post the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has struck educational experience systems around the globe. This paper investigates and evaluates the student participants' perceptions who joined the international exchange seminar on global citizenship and peace held at a University in Hiroshima, Japan. Approximately seventy students and faculty members from nine to ten different universities from around the globe joined this summer program in August 2021 (online) and 2022 (face-to-face). This study is a mixed-method study. The first part consists of a quantitative analysis of BEVI data obtained from the students in the seminar before COVID-19 and after. The research concludes that there are no changes in the effects of what students learn. The second part consists of qualitative data. The data shows the perceptions of students of online teaching versus hybrid teaching. It compares the differences in participants' perceptions reported in students' feedback on the programs during and post-COVID-19. Our results confirm prominent differences exist in the students' perceptions of their learning experience during the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The findings indicate based on lessons learned post-pandemic, universities need to strive and define the meaning and purpose of international seminars, which enable students to experience a high level of intercultural social interaction online and face-to-face. As the world becomes more interconnected, virtual environments, such as the ones presented within the International Seminar in Hiroshima, Japan, are vital to facilitating intercultural teaching environments and the implications within this paper indicate that these virtual mediums can promote inclusion, leading to a more sustainable world.

Feline Coronavirus Infections

• First Described: 1963 (Holzworth, 1963);a viral etiology was not identified until the 1970s. • Cause: Feline coronavirus (family Coronaviridae, genus Coronavirus). • Affected Hosts: Cats and wild felids, especially cheetahs. • Modes of Transmission: Fecal-oral (FECV), internal mutation (FIPV) • Geographic Distribution: Worldwide. • Major Clinical Signs: Fever, lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, icterus, tachypnea, uveitis, neurologic signs, abdominal distention due to ascites. • Differential Diagnoses: Toxoplasmosis, congestive heart failure, carcinomatosis, lymphoma, pancreatitis, rabies, cryptococcosis, bacterial peritonitis, pyothorax, bacterial meningitis, chronic stomatitis, multiple myeloma, FeLV or FIV infection. • Human Health Significance: Feline coronaviruses do not infect humans. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A position paper on the Quest for Education Quality and Inclusivity in Low Resource Environments such as Zimbabwe through Social Media

Social media has revolutionised human interaction globally especially on the informal front. This paper proposes that the social media facility could be ‘tamed' to help bridge the educational divide that is apparent especially in developing countries such as Zimbabwe and that was magnified by the Covid-19 pandemic. The pandemic split education provision along income lines with those from the higher income bracket accessing educational instruction virtually even during such an ‘emergency' while those from the low income group were literally on sabbatical, virtually excluded. The obtaining scenario threatens realisation of Sustainable Development Goal Number 4 by 2030 as planned by the United Nations. The particular goal is aimed at ensuring "inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all”. In some instances, some candidates get to the examination room so inadequately prepared that the situation can be described as de facto exclusion. In order to assist Covid-19 pandemic affected learners and to uplift education quality in low income communities, this paper recommends the provision of a tablet per class/grade that should be viewed as a learning/teaching tool. The class teacher can use the tablet to download material, show educational videos to the class, audio/video record learners for educational ends, receive educational materials from the Ministry and its partners and avail these in an interesting multimodal manner to the learners.

Essays in economic policy and human behavior

This dissertation is composed of three chapters. While the chapters pertain to very different contexts, an overarching theme is the analysis of human behavior in response to policies that are inherently economic.The first chapter is the product of joint work with Justin Holz and Rafael Jimenez Duran. It studies repugnance towards price gouging. Emergencies like natural disasters or pandemics trigger sharp price increases for essential products. Anti-price gouging laws are ubiquitous and people take costly actions to report violators to law-enforcement agencies, which suggests that they value punishing sellers that spike prices in these situations. This chapter uses a field experiment to understand individuals' willingness to report sellers who increase the price of personal protective equipment at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that reporting decisions contain information about repugnance to price gouging and find that willingness to pay to report is non-trivial and heterogeneous. We also find evidence that repugnance is partly due to distaste for seller profits, depending on the product. These results suggest that regulation discussions would benefit from incorporating repugnance into welfare and from addressing products separately.The second chapter focuses in the use of temporary driving restrictions as a tool for air quality management in Mexico City. Road congestion is understood to be a major source of urban air pollution and is also associated with other large non-health-related costs. Millions of people live in cities in which the number of cars on the road is controlled by allowing or prohibiting the use of a car on a given day depending on its license plate number. The empirical evidence available suggests little benefit from these programs;the policy increases the marginal cost of using the road for some users while decreasing it for others and incentivizes the acquisition of extra vehicles. This chapter studies the effect of temporary increases in the stringency of the restrictions as an add-on policy intended to alleviate extreme pollution events. The increased restrictions are triggered by Ozone levels surpassing a pre-specified threshold. This, coupled with the fact that said threshold was modified several times between 2005 and 2018, allows us to identify the effect of the policy. We document a sizable increase in the average speed of cars in the city during restricted days. This suggests the policy does alleviate congestion. We also observe a reduction on Carbon Monoxide and Ozone concentration, but these results are not robust to changes in the specification's functional form. While we cannot explicitly quantify welfare effects, the minor improvements are unlikely to compensate the major disruption in the commuter network without serious investment in public transit alternatives.The third chapter, co-authored with Enrique Seira and Alan Elizondo, investigates the role of information disclosure on financial markets as tool for consumer protection. We implement a randomized control trial in the Mexican credit card market for a large population of indebted cardholders and measure the impact of disclosures of interest rate and time required to pay outstanding debt on default, indebtedness, account closings, and credit scores;these disclosures are required by law in the United States. We also test the effect debiasing warning messages and social comparison information has on the same outcomes. We find that providing salient interest rate disclosures had no effects, while comparisons and debiasing messages had only modest and short-lived effects at best. We conduct extensive external validity exercises in several banks, with different disclosures, and with actual policy mandates. We conclude the null result is robust. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Online learning environments for the promotion of undergraduate research in pandemic times: A case study in an engineering program

This case study explores the use of online learning environments as an alternative tool for the promotion of undergraduate research culture within an engineering program during the COVID-19 pandemic times. This context entailed the transition from face-to-face to online learning environments, which was taken as an opportunity for the diffusion and socialization of outstanding research projects developed by undergraduate students within the classroom, through the launching of an online event and a virtual permanent exhibition. The results of this case study were measured through quantitative indicators related to the number of research projects submitted by the students for participating in this exhibition, the number of courses participating through these projects, and the number of professors involved. Participation of students and professors increased by 85% and 90%, respectively, comparing the online environment to the previous face-to-face one. Consequently, it was concluded that the use of online learning environments supports the promotion of undergraduate research culture, by increasing the interest of students for the socialization of their research results. © 2023, Rajarambapu Institute Of Technology. All rights reserved.

Planning cities for pandemics: A review of urban and transport planning lessons from COVID-19

For the past years, the world has been facing one of the worst pandemics of modern times. The COVID-19 outbreak joined a long list of infectious diseases that turned pandemic, and it will most likely leave scars and change how we live, plan, and manage the urban space and its infrastructures. Many fields of science were called into action to mitigate the impacts of this pandemic, including spatial and transport planning. Given the large number of articles recently published in these research areas, it is time to carry out an overview of the knowledge produced, synthesising, systematising, and critically analysing it. This article aims to review how the urban layout, accessibility and mobility influence the spread of a virus in an urban environment and what solutions exist or have been proposed to create a more effective and less intrusive response to pandemics. This review is split into two avenues of research: spatial planning and transport planning, including the direct and indirect impact on the environment and sustainability. © 2023 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved.

An exploratory study of the social and emotional impact of COVID-19 on LGBTQ+ adolescents living in rural communities

This study examined the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on 16 LGBTQ+ individuals 16 -18 years of age in rural Washington. Data were collected using semi structured virtual interviews, an Experience Questionnaire (EQ) and the Behavioral Assessment Scale for Children - Edition 3 Behavioral and Emotional Screening System (BASC-3). A few major themes emerged from the data: changes in relationships, negative psychological impacts, resiliency, and challenges such as barriers, tensions, and routine changes. Participants found COVID-19 restrictions created barriers to accessing social outlets such as extracurricular activities, LGBTQ+ community center, and so on, as well as engaging with resources for mental and physical health. Participants reported that navigating the significant changes in routines due to school closings and social distancing measures negatively impacted their mental health. Online school, increased home responsibilities, lack of structure or routine, and pressure to maintain grades were the main stressors found to contribute to a decline in mental health. Tensions related to having differing opinions from family members were often triggered or exacerbated by increased proximity with family, due to being stuck at home. Tensions also included experiences of homophobia, transphobia, and racism. These tensions contributed to lower mental health, as many participants felt "trapped" in their own home and unable to reveal parts of their identity. Participants reported that COVID-19 restrictions also impacted their relationships positively in some ways. Some participants found that COVID-19 restrictions allowed them to get out of negative relationships, identify healthy or positive friendships, and be more intentional in their friendships. Although most participants experienced negative psychological impacts on their mental health, many were also able to identify areas of resiliency and improvement. Participants identified new methods for coping, found new and innovative ways to engage with support networks, and found that increased time alone allowed for self-improvement and unprecedented identity exploration. Results of the study add to the limited research currently available about the impact COVID-19 restrictions had on LGBTQ+ youth in rural areas and provide critical information for professionals who work with school-aged LGBTQ+ populations, especially those living in rural communities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Nurturing Social Presence in a Blended Learning Environment

The ambition of this development study is to explore the opportunity to put the knowledge gained during the COVID-19 pandemic into practice in a blended, post-COVID, learning environment. The focus is to explore how a combination of digital and face-to-face activities may allow for fostering social presence among undergraduate students. The Social Presence model and the five elements of Affective Association, Community of Cohesion, Instructor Investment, Interaction Intensity, and Knowledge and Experience, encompass the theoretical framework of the study. The contextual setting is the first course of The Marketing Programme at Linnaeus University in Sweden, a bachelor program with a 50% Swedish intake and 50% international intake. Given the diverse background of the students in this course, challenges are typically encountered in relation to community building. Empirical data was collected during the fall of 2022 among the enrolled students using an online questionnaire. While the results from this study should be seen as preliminary, they offer an inspiring glimpse of how to nurture social presence in a blended learning environment. Copyright © 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies in Gather.town

There is an increasing interest for people to meet and interact in virtual online environments, including Gather.Town, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the post-pandemic world. We present a scoping review of 11 empirical studies in Gather.town - a 2D Metaverse using a game-like interface with video-chat in which people can create their own virtual spaces and act as avatars to interact with each other for various purposes. To identify knowledge gaps, we summarized the included articles in terms of their application contexts, research issues, research methods, and key findings. We found that most of them were conducted in educational settings with a focus on students' learning experiences and perceptions. The findings of the reviewed studies generally suggested that the use of Gather.town benefited users' engagement. However, the available evidence was mostly based on short interventions (e.g., one session) and self-reported measures (e.g., surveys and interviews). This review concluded by presenting several research gaps for future research (e.g., studies with a longer duration and using more objective measurements of learning achievement and work results). © 2023 IEEE.

Authentic leadership and employees' job performance: mediation effect of positive employee health

In light of global competition and the COVID-19 pandemic, organizations are encountering an increasingly challenging and unpredictable environment. Consequently, employees are experiencing heightened levels of job strain. This study aims to explore the impact of various organizational mechanisms on promoting positive employee health within the organization, ultimately affecting employees' job performance. The findings of this study indicate that authentic leadership and the absence of organizational politics are significant predictors of positive employee health. Moreover, positive employee health has a positive influence on supervisor-rated job performance through its effect on job engagement. This study serves as a valuable resource for organizations, shedding light on the fundamental factors that contribute to positive employee health. It also raises managers' awareness of the importance of nurturing and sustaining employees' emotional and physical well-being to maintain competitiveness in the market. © 2023 Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

Online learning during COVID-19

This chapter focuses on the challenges unique to online learning environments, how students responded to the abrupt shift to remote learning, and how this impacted their ability to thrive in the midst of a global pandemic. It illustrates how instructors' ability (or inability) to smoothly transition from in-person to online environments impacted students' learning. The chapter examines some of the challenges students faced with online learning, including changes in learning environments, communication with instructors, and classroom dialogues. It explores instances of students thriving in online learning environments. The inherent unpredictability of the COVID-19 pandemic and some institutional inconsistencies created challenges to building an environment in which students could thrive. Although the University attempted to create an online environment that allowed students to continue their education during the pandemic, significant issues arose that forced students to teach themselves, often with little support from faculty. The challenges of learning online were compounded with the loss of on-campus resources such as access to quiet study spaces and the University library. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Evaluation of a Low-Cost Air Renewal System for Indoor Air Quality Control in a Climate Chamber

There is a growing concern about Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in buildings as humans are spending longer in indoor environments, whether this is associated or not with climate change and vulnerability to extreme weather events. In the wake of the COVID pandemic, the need for indoor air quality control is likely to increase, the result of many adaptations in home environments to switch to remote work. In hot countries in the Global South, one of the alternatives is split A/C units with limited air renewal. While, odorless and colorless CO2, commonly generated by occupants through respiration, is among the relevant indoor air pollutants. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a low-cost, responsive air-renewal system in a climate chamber equipped with a standard split A/C unit. The results show the system's feasibility in curbing IAQ concerns and also highlight the risk of negative impacts on indoor thermal conditions and on energy consumption on using A/C. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Hybrid Learning: A Boon or Bane

The context of higher education is changing. The emerge of social, technical, and intellectual forces has pushed higher education to the point of a significant transformation (Garrison & Vaughn, 2008). Technology enhanced learning have raised concerns about the quality of education and learning environment. For the traditional classroom-based teaching and learning, the breakthrough came during the emerge of Covid-19 pandemic. Online learning, once a separated learning system, was fully integrated into teaching and learning to continue providing education amidst the lockdown. Post the reopening of higher education institutions, hybrid learning was widely implemented in almost all universities across the world, to accommodate students' diverse range of learning needs in the post pandemic era. This case study is intended to gain insights regarding the learning experiences, challenges, and benefits in hybrid learning from both the lecturers' and students' perspective. Based from the gathered qualitative data, results show that both students and lecturers have mixed reviews regarding hybrid learning experience. One of the main findings is that hybrid learning creates a more flexible, engaging learning environment compared to traditional face-To-face learning. Lecturers generally feel that hybrid learning has several pedagogical and technological challenges. However, issues concerning quality of lecture delivery and academic malpractice during online assessments has found to be a concern among lecturers and students. In overall, lecturers and students feel that hybrid learning needs to be evaluated from time to time to address the drawback for continuous improvement towards better quality of learning. © 2023 IEEE.